Callbacks

A callback is a function passed as an argument to another function, which is then executed after the completion of an operation.

Example of a Callback Function

function fetchData(callback) {
  setTimeout(() => {
    console.log("Data fetched");
    callback();
  }, 2000);
}
  
function processData() {
  console.log("Processing data...");
}
  
fetchData(processData);

fetchData simulates an asynchronous operation using setTimeout.

processData is executed after fetchData completes.

Promises

A promise represents a future value and has three states:

1. Pending – Initial state, operation in progress.

2. Fulfilled – Operation completed successfully.

3. Rejected – Operation failed.

Creating a Promise

let fetchData = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
  setTimeout(() => {
    let success = true; // Change to false to test rejection
    if (success) {
      resolve("Data received");
        } else {
      reject("Error fetching data");
    }
  }, 2000);
});
  
fetchData
  .then(result => console.log(result)) // Executes if resolved
  .catch(error => console.log(error)) // Executes if rejected
.finally(() => console.log("Operation complete"));

.then() runs when the promise is resolved.

.catch() runs when the promise is rejected.

.finally() runs regardless of success or failure.

Conclusion

Asynchronous programming allows JavaScript to handle time-consuming operations efficiently. Callbacks, promises, and async/await help manage asynchronous workflows. The next section will explore DOM manipulation, which enables JavaScript to interact with web pages dynamically.